and density-independent limiting factors include drought, natural Exponential Growth: A population growth pattern in It improves soil properties, reduces pollution and prevents soil erosion. will: simulate and explain predator-prey interactions. For a threshold value v, the threshold feature is binary (taking values 0 and 1) and is 1 when the variable has value greater than v. A hinge feature is also derived from a continuous environmental variable. Considering the large amount of occurrence data, we used a 10-fold cross-validation (sometimes called rotation estimation) method to evaluate the performance of the MaxEnt model.
Mechanistic modeling approaches mainly simulate the fundamental niche of a species, while statistical modelling approaches investigate the realized niche of a species [22,23]. Return Materials 2. Evaluation of climatic factors revealed that the distribution of Chinese sea buckthorn is mainly affected by PDM, AP, CI and ART. growth. The mean test AUC value is 0.93 and the mean training AUC value is 0.95. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.g003. a handout. It is possible that excessive rainfall causes Chinese sea buckthorn to be out-competed by forest species, leading to the restriction of southern boundary. Baseline climatic layers were downloaded from the WorldClim database at a spatial resolution of 10 arc-min, which were generated by using thin-plate smoothing splines with latitude, longitude, altitude, and monthly temperature and precipitation records from 1950–2000 from climate stations [43,44]. experiment. No, Is the Subject Area "Tibetan Plateau" applicable to this article? weeds and crop plants competing for light, space, and nutrients in a At the same time, Chinese sea buckthorn is a plant species of high economic value (nutritious food, high medicine and firewood), and its potential distribution region is suitable for the construction of Chinese sea buckthorn farms, especially the core distribution area, which can improve the current cropping system and planting structure. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.g007. Chinese sea buckthorn is a drought-tolerant plant that requires little water in winter (Table 2 and Fig 5). It is possible that excessive rainfall causes Chinese sea buckthorn to be out-competed by forest species, leading to the restriction of southern boundary. To realize this target, this study collected 97 occurrence records of Chinese sea buckthorn from herbarium and publications, and used 13 climatic variables to simulate potential suitable habitat for Chinese sea buckthorn using MaxEnt and GIS. [39] enhanced the ability to explain the MaxEnt model outputs by integrating multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analysis and limiting factors mapping in the new version of MaxEnt (3.3). Then, explain logistic growth and carrying capacity using the However, it is worth mentioning that the south boundary of liaotung oak is not able to extend to the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains, which represent a dividing line between the warm temperate and northern subtropical zone in China. Conceived and designed the experiments: GL SD KG. In the northwest of potential distribution area of Chinese sea buckthorn, the plant species mainly locates in the center of the Loess Plateau, which belongs to inland area of China and is far away from East China Sea. copies of the Predator-Prey Interactions handout for small learning Explain how most life on earth gets its energy from the sun. A quadratic feature is the square of one of the continuous environmental variables. Species records of Chinese sea buckthorn in continental China were mainly collected from published resources [14,15,41] and the Chinese Virtual Herbarium [42], which integrates herbarium data of national natural museums from 14 institutes in China. 31300407), http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/; Public Welfare Scientific Research Project, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (No. Here c1, c2, c3,… are constants, f1, f2, f3,… are the features, and Z is a scaling constant that ensures that P sums to 1 over all grid cells. Describe the relationships between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. In winter, the Siberian cold winter monsoon blows from the northwest to southeast, which brings dry and cold air. . Students can explain the Our study could provide theoretical support for top-level design of the cultivation and planting of Chinese sea buckthorn for policy-makers and planners. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. double-line graph students created. Web. The summer monsoons dominate the climate of the country, and the topography descends in a three-step staircase from west to east (Fig 1). clear-cutting forests and hunting. investigation procedures, asking them to describe the limiting MESS analysis and the limiting mapping technique were used to determine the location of novel habitat and where the limiting factors affected the distribution boundary of the species (each reference point indicates the occurrence records for the species). Chinese sea buckthorn mainly occurs in seven provinces: Xizang, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Predator-Prey Interactions (S-B-2-2_ Predator-Prey Interactions.docx and S-B-2-2_ Predator-Prey Interactions KEY.docx). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.g002. limiting factors discussed in this lesson with the headings test the hypothesis. [39] expanded the ability of the MaxEnt model by increasing the limiting factor mapping and similar surface mapping for range-shifting species, which is especially suitable for predicting potential species distributions and interpretation of limiting factors. Yes
Linear, quadratic, product, threshold, and hinge features were used to generate feature types. here. by discussing the analysis and conclusions to the simulation. X-axis label 1–10 represents the model code. Moodle, n.d. they will grow faster than seedlings with less space.) that depend on population size. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The MaxEnt model shows that the potential distribution pattern of Chinese sea buckthorn (southwest to northeast orientation) is perpendicular to the East Asian monsoon sweep direction (southeast to northwest orientation) (Fig 7) [60]. dependent and/or density independent limiting factors from the videos. For Part 2, assist students who may need opportunities for 4. persuasive essay for or against reintroducing gray wolves.
The distribution pattern of Chinese sea buckthorn is very similar to that of liaotung oak (Quercus wutaishannica), a species endemic and native to China [64]. Du S, sinensis) has considerable economic potential and plays an important role in reclamation and soil and water conservation. drought, forest fires, and human disturbances. population in the United States and the efforts that have been made Identify and propose a solution for a waste issue in the school setting (e.g., litter in the hallway). Several methods are available to simulate species distribution patterns [20,21], and these models can be classified into mechanistic modeling approaches and statistical modeling approaches. Compare and contrast the flow of energy between, Describe the impact of industrial, agricultural, and commercial enterprises on an. We could also use local weather station data to indicate when this species could be planted and cultivated. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659, Editor: Lalit Kumar, University of New England, AUSTRALIA, Received: March 8, 2015; Accepted: June 4, 2015; Published: July 15, 2015, Copyright: © 2015 Li et al. Describe the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers within a local ecosystem. Have student groups complete the activity, recording their data Climate has been documented to play a critical role in determining large-scale species distributions [8–11]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Students express their understanding by answering follow-up These factors are associated with the strong, cold Siberian winds and high altitudes of the Tibetan Plateau, which demonstrate that winter climate conditions play an important role in determining the potential distribution of Chinese sea buckthorn. Coarse blue polygon represents potential distribution range of Chinese sea buckthorn using threshold of 0.5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.g008. Since 1985, Chinese sea buckthorn has been used to control accelerated desertification under an initiative of the government and the cultivation of this species has been widely promoted in northwest China. We found 368 specimens, and then removed duplicate specimens and specimens with no location/coordinates information. [14] studied the factors that determined the distribution of Chinese sea buckthorn on the Tibetan Plateau and found that precipitation was the key factor affecting distribution of the plant species. Assess whether students understand predator-prey interactions "African Lions: Modeling Populations." students determine other limiting factors on populations and extend The northern boundary of this species is mainly limited by extreme cold temperate (CI and ART), and the southern boundary of this species is mainly affected by abundant rainfall (AP), especially in winter (PDM). We thank the Chinese Virtual Herbarium database for providing specimens data in China and Global Climate Database for providing climatic layers around the world. Red color represents interpolation habitat (positive value), green color represents extrapolation habitat (negative value), and orange represents marginal habitat (near zero). State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China,
students. Explain the difference between Students express their understanding by making predictions about generations in the simulation, and by writing an experimental procedure to investigate limiting factors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.s002. how limiting factors can affect plant growth. Moodle, n.d.
Summative Genetics Unit Data 3-4 0-2 5-6 7-8 Classification 1 2 8 9 5 2nd SA 0 9 9 Classification 2 12 7 2 4th SA 5 0 7 6 Wolf Population Simulation Wolf Population Simulation Stations 1. here.
Orally assess whether students understand the categories of https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136001 graphic organizer into their notes, and allow time for them to write https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131659.t002. by having them create a double-line graph of their data. Predator-Prey Interactions handout to each group (S-B-2-2_ Predator-Prey Interactions.docx).
Furthermore, Elith et al. The distribution of suitability is proved to be the same as the Gibbs distribution that maximizes the product of the probabilities of the sample locations, where the Gibbs distribution takes the form (Eq 1): 06 Dec. 2015. Thus, the predicted suitable area might partly be unsuitable for cultivation of the species (e.g.
The Concord Consortium, n.d. from growing continuously?” Explain that predator-prey