A representation of the atomic spectrum of indium. [53] The exact process varies with the mode of operation of the smelter. CAS number However, at higher temperatures, it combines with oxygen to form indium oxide. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact. Indium is a moderately toxic metal by inhalation and mildly toxic by ingestion. Now next week an element that changed the rules of nature. Use online or print pages out as classroom handouts. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Until the early 1960s it was believed that three bonds between any two atoms was as high as Nature could go, as in the case of the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond for example. [73], Indium has no metabolic role in any organism. Text © The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999-2011 Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. No wonder we need to recycle it to meet the element's demand. [7] It is so soft (Mohs hardness 1.2) that like sodium, it can be cut with a knife. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. For example, write the electron configuration of scandium, Sc: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 . [55] The Teck Resources refinery in Trail, British Columbia, is a large single-source indium producer, with an output of 32.5 tonnes in 2005, 41.8 tonnes in 2004 and 36.1 tonnes in 2003. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Indium also has 47 meta states, among which indium-114m1 (half-life about 49.51 days) is the most stable, more stable than the ground state of any indium isotope other than the primordial. Chlorination, bromination, and iodination of In produce colorless InCl3, InBr3, and yellow InI3. There is a major exception to the normal order of electron configuration at Cr (#24) and Cu (#29). 1.4: Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams, [ "article:topic", "authorname:curriki1", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa" ], Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License. 4 0 obj Therefore, its availability needs to be discussed in terms of supply potential. During the roast-leach-electrowinning process of zinc smelting, indium accumulates in the iron-rich residues.
[41] The stable indium isotope, indium-113, is one of the p-nuclei, the origin of which is not fully understood; although indium-113 is known to be made directly in the s- and r-processes (rapid neutron capture), and also as the daughter of very long-lived cadmium-113, which has a half-life of about eight quadrillion years, this cannot account for all indium-113.
[16], A number of standard electrode potentials, depending on the reaction under study,[17] are reported for indium, reflecting the decreased stability of the +3 oxidation state:[11], Indium metal does not react with water, but it is oxidized by stronger oxidizing agents such as halogens to give indium(III) compounds. Indeed, when pure, it sticks very tightly to itself or to other metals.
So any electron configuration in which the last electron (again, the valence electron) is in a higher energy orbital, this element is said to be in an excited state. All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 5 hours. [53] New uses were found in fusible alloys, solders, and electronics. stream [61], Indium has many semiconductor-related applications. 3 0 obj The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Atomic number But it is common to to keep all the principle quantum numbers together so you may see the electron configuration written as Sc: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1. It was the first known organoindium(I) compound,[31] and is polymeric, consisting of zigzag chains of alternating indium atoms and cyclopentadienyl complexes. For example: “Which element has the electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104s24p6 4d8 5s2 ?” Counting the electrons gives 46, which is the atomic number of palladium. Write the short form electron configurations for each of the following elements: (a) fluorine (b) chlorine (c) zirconium (d) lead 3. [21], The stablest artificial isotope is indium-111, with a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Indium is one of three known elements (the others being tellurium and rhenium) of which the stable isotope is less abundant in nature than the long-lived primordial radioisotopes. Electron Configuration Most are In(III) derivatives, but cyclopentadienylindium(I) is an exception. We are a great educational resource! Thus, the availability of indium is fundamentally determined by the rate at which these ores are extracted, and not their absolute amount. This is because it conducts electricity, bonds strongly to glass and is transparent. Indium(III) oxide, In2O3, forms when indium metal is burned in air or when the hydroxide or nitrate is heated. All the way through the periodic table we see this same pattern in each column where the outermost electrons have filled the subshells in a similar manner.
Each allotrope has different physical properties. It does not form a boride, silicide, or carbide, and the hydride InH3 has at best a transitory existence in ethereal solutions at low temperatures, being unstable enough to spontaneously polymerize without coordination. lowest available energy) to some other higher energy orbital. The density of indium, 7.31 g/cm3, is also greater than gallium, but lower than thallium. It is actually Indium Tin Oxide or "ITO" which is used and this is one of the most important applications of indium. The outermost electrons are so important that we give them a name: valence electrons. Other compounds of indium used in solar cells include indium gallium arsenide and copper indium gallium selenide. �=���,D�����������@R��-w�����EKu��B����G�*���(�A��s�_�}t��� =B~ߢĺ��P݉��Td�k�����?�#���:o"N�fQ����1��g-'m�� �-u���E/[�Ј�3U����:��c��>��Tc����I�q�02R�s�m���v� )�b���p�CUR���,��G� 瑼128p�,�a�=Jv��Y|��F� T~^�A��%[[6b��B���Լ�)��r�����,D���j�~�aSCIIߊ ����l���-����1���,�I�r�[�G�!�m�m7�L��eʽ��Soe�6�Ɓ�;�RcRg��e�4;�XKGa���c�k\*#��`���&1 l�d������i Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. [38], Indium is created by the long-lasting (up to thousands of years) s-process (slow neutron capture) in low-to-medium-mass stars (range in mass between 0.6 and 10 solar masses).
(a) sodium (b) sulfur (c) cobalt (d) indium 2. [47] While the enrichment of indium in these deposits is high relative to its crustal abundance, it is insufficient, at current prices, to support extraction of indium as the main product. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Usually such materials feature In–In bonding, most notably in the halides In2X4 and [In2X6]2−,[27] and various subchalcogenides such as In4Se3. Demand rose rapidly from the late 1990s to 2010 with the popularity of LCD computer monitors and television sets, which now account for 50% of indium consumption. Possible oxidation states are +3,5. endobj Thallium (indium's heavier homolog) shows an even stronger effect, causing oxidation to thallium(I) to be more probable than to thallium(III),[14] whereas gallium (indium's lighter homolog) commonly shows only the +3 oxidation state. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.
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