However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. John A. Ayoade, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. The neighbouring Republic of Niger takes its name from the same river. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. During the 14th and 16th centuries, the demand for gold increased due to European and Islamic states wanting to change their currencies to gold. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. At Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, the Islamic Legitimist school arose that rejected Western models in favour of the scholarly tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate and the Islamic world. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. The first post-independence national government was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. Niger African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. The government also moved to recover millions of dollars in funds secreted to overseas accounts. The Buhari government was peacefully overthrown by the SMC's third-ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq", "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development", https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm, "Nigeria EARLY HISTORY Sourced from The Library of Congress Country Studies", "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective", "Nigeria: Dufuna Canoe: a Bridge Across 8,000 Years", "The Nok of Nigeria - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy", "Kanem-Bornu | historical empire, Africa | Britannica", "Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria", "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality", "The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeastern Nigeria, 1690-1720. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. Here are 10 interesting facts about Nigeria: 1. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. The Soviet Union benefits from Nigerian appreciation of its help during the war, but is not trying for control. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. [46] Urbanisation was accompanied by high levels of artistic achievement, particularly in terracotta and ivory sculpture and in the sophisticated metal casting produced at Ife. [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. The Sokoto Plains lie in the northwestern corner of the country, while the Borno Plains in the northeastern corner extend as far as the Lake Chad basin. Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). The country has abundant natural resources, notably large deposits of petroleum and natural gas. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. Introduction Background In ancient and pre-colonial times, the area of present-day Nigeria was occupied by a great diversity of ethnic groups with different languages and traditions. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." [23] It is the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the second oldest known worldwide. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. As in most African art styles, the Nok style focuses mainly on people, rarely on animals. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. The mai (king) of Kanem and his court accepted Islam in the 11th century, as the western empires also had done. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. [104] In May 2010, the Nigerian government learned of Yar'Adua's death after a long battle with existing health problems and an undisclosed illness. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. The NEC successfully held elections on 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, and 27 February 1999, respectively. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna, National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden, Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Nigerian airport workers go on strike; travelers stranded, At least 33 people killed by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, AP PHOTOS: Joyous Holy Week celebrations around the world, At least 10 students abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, Correction: Police-Shooting-Michigan-Race story. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. However, on 23 June, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretence, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. In its prime, they also dominated the Kingdom of Dahomey (now located in the modern day Republic of Benin). [66] Igbo people formed the majority of enslaved Africans which were sold as slaves from Calabar, despite forming a minority among the ethnic groups in the region. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. Throughout the 16th-century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east. [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. The forest soils represent the third zone. The Ife model of government was adapted at Oyo, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several smaller city-states. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. Following the annulment of the June 12 election, the United States and others imposed sanctions on Nigeria including travel restrictions on government officials and suspension of arms sales and military assistance. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. George's . These were cancelled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled. [99] Particularly notable disasters in this area have been: 1) October 1998, Jesse, 1100 deaths, 2) July 2000, Jesse, 250 deaths, 3) September 2004, near Lagos, 60 deaths, 4) May 2006, Ilado, approx. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. [51] Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umueri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. General Muhammadu Buhari took over the helm of affairs in May 2015 after a peaceful transfer of power from the Jonathan led administration. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled in the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following in the 13th century. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. The Igbos were accepted as fellow citizens in many parts of Nigeria, but not in some areas of former Biafra where they were once dominant. The emergence of democracy in Nigeria in May 1999 ended 16 years of consecutive military rule. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. However, the republic was short-lived, as the military seized power again in 1983 and later ruled for ten years. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. 2014. The leading scholars of the Ibadan School include Saburi Biobaku, Kenneth Dike, J. F. A. Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo, E. A. Ayandele, O. Ikime and Tekena Tamuno. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. Prehistoric inhabitants adjusting to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the third millennium BC, when the desiccation of the Sahara began. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. Iboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years. Among the Igbo people of the Eastern Region, these detainees were heroes. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. But before then, he was the governor of both the Northern and Southern protectorates. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. The middle two-thirds of the country, the savanna regions, contain reddish, laterite soils; they are somewhat less fertile than those of the north because they are not subject to as much seasonal drying, nor do they receive the greater rainfall that occurs in the more southerly regions. [70] Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. km. [52] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God). The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. History & Background. This lack of primary ethnic support makes Jonathan a target for militaristic overthrow or regional uprisings in the area. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River . Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Onitsha Kingdom, which was originally inhabited by Igbos from east of the Niger, was founded in the 16th century by migrants from Anioma (Western Igboland). The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supporting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. [12] Nigeria became a British protectorate in 1901. [47], The Yoruba pay tribute to a pantheon composed of a Supreme Deity, Olorun and the Orisha. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. [20], The Dufuna canoe was discovered in 1987 not far from the Komadugu Gana River, in Yobe State. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. [107] On 29 May 2019, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in for a second term as Nigeria's president, after winning the presidential election in February 2019. Author of. 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