Rabies can't go through unbroken skin. If you renew your shot before the expiration date you can get a three-year certificate. People usually get rabies from the bite of a rabid animal. The entire content of this website is copyrighted by Ask A Vet Question, owned by Dr. Marie Haynes and is not to be reproduced, copied or distributed without permission. Dogs can get rabies from eating a dead animal that is infected with the virus. She stated, nevertheless, that not all pets or felines contaminated with rabies show hostility. He was just in the yard playingafter a few minutes I found him playing with a bat that was dead. They sent over a guy who collected the bat in a disposable tupperware container (using the lid to sort of scoop him/her off of a windowsill and into the container) and took it away to be tested for rabies. Rabies is discovered throughout the world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. What do you do if you kill a rabid animal? What does a pregnant dog look like at 40 days? var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; Contact with someone who is receiving rabies vaccination does not constitute rabies exposure, does not pose a risk for infection, and does not require postexposure prophylaxis. This is because the virus can survive on surfaces such as soap suds. Not for my cats, as they are vaccinated, but for myself. The longer a dead animal is infected, the longer it remains infectious. You love your dog's curious nature. However, it is generally accepted that the risk of a dog contracting rabies from eating a dead animal is low. The rabies infection can make it through in saliva and body fluids for a few hours outside of the body but can survive for longer Page 2 periods in the carcass of a dead animal. They may seek out a dark, quiet place to hide or . Without proper treatment, however, even the best equipped hospital may not be able to save the patients life. You can also use a muzzle to prevent them from biting another animal. There are several things you can do 2008 - 2018 Ask A Vet Question. In some cases, the virus may not manifest symptoms for years. But could your dog contract rabies just from eating poop on their usual walk? When an exposure has occurred, the likelihood of rabies infection varies with the nature and extent of that exposure. You should also be aware that there are some countries where rabies is still common, and it is possible to get infected when a dog licks you. Female pug to be able to provide quick, accurate veterinary advice online 'd be a can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat story if! Bite If you think your pet might have rabies, call your veterinarian immediately. Why are cat foods not allowed to contain propylene glycol? Once you get your dog out of the house, its critical to disinfect any areas your dog may have infected, particularly with saliva. Rabies is a virus that is spread through the saliva of an infected animal. The CDC reports 5,000 animal rabies cases every year, with ninety percent of these being wildlife. You can also ask Dr. Marie for a second opinion on your pet's condition. Rabies is a serious disease that can be deadly if not treated quickly. Can my dog get rabies from licking a dead animal? If a dog is bitten by an infected animal, the chances of becoming infected are very high, says registered veterinarian Dr. Corinne Wigfall, BVM BVS, ofSpiritDog Training. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the best vaccination schedule for your dog. If you think you may have contracted rabies, seek medical attention as soon as possible. However, the risk of your dog getting rabies from eating a dead animal is relatively low. How long can the rabies virus live in a dead animal? Wet the dogs mouth with warm water and soap using the brush. They will be able to advise on your next steps and may even choose to transport your dog to an assessment facility themselves to minimize the risk of injury to others. /answer_np.php?id=2579-cat-eating-less-than-normal, /answer_np.php?id=2520-cut-my-dogs-nail-too-short, /answer_np.php?id=6172-what-is-this-red-lump-on-my-dogs-leg, /answer_np.php?id=1153-dog-ate-a-feminine-pad, /answer_np.php?id=1416-why-did-my-dog-die, /answer_np.php?id=1815-do-sheep-die-on-their-backs, /answer_np.php?id=781-puppy-wont-eat-or-drink, /answer_np.php?id=1275-stretching-out-back-legs, /answer_np.php?id=2419-dog-panting-at-night-time, /answer_np.php?id=5035-swollen-foot-because-of-bandage, /answer_np.php?id=2426-dog-ate-foam-padding, /answer_np.php?id=1131-is-raid-toxic-to-cats, /answer_np.php?id=1547-otc-sedation-for-cats, /answer_np.php?id=643-arthritis-in-17-year-old-dog, /answer_np.php?id=2328-my-dog-ate-goose-poop, What does an infected neuter incision look like. Signs include: vomiting, loss of appetite, sleepiness or diarrhea. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Dogs can contract rabies by eating a dead animal, but they can also get it by sniffing its feces. Have your veterinarian administer a booster shot within five days. link to How to Keep a Dog Away from a Christmas Tree & Protect it from being Destroyed, what the risks to their health this bad habit can entail, the risks of your dog getting rabies from drinking water, it is possible to get infected when a dog licks you, What science says about rabies transmission to dogs via tick bites, Why your dog is eating horse manure and when to worry, How dogs can get sick from living near chickens. Additionally, it is also important to properly dispose of dead animals, particularly those that may have been infected with rabies. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The answer is Yes, it is possible for dogs to contract rabies from this activity. Dogs Hub is supported by its audience. Wigfall says that signs include major behavior changes like becoming very agitated, easily stimulated, fearful, and aggressive. However, there are still some very small risks of rabies contraction in English speaking countries, so if you are at all concerned please always call your vet after your dog has licked a dead animal. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Once the virus reaches the nervous system, symptoms can appear within two to four weeks. Inhalation of aerosolized rabies virus is one potential non-bite route of exposure, but except for laboratory workers, most people wont encounter an aerosol of rabies virus. Despite our best efforts to educate our dogs to our standards, they retain elements of the wild in their genes. Any mammal (an animal that suckles its young) can spread the rabies virus. In conclusion, it is important to remember that while dogs can get rabies from sniffing a dead animal, it is extremely rare. Can you get rabies from smelling a dead animal? If your pet is confirmed to have rabies, you will need to take further steps to protect yourself, your family, and your other pets. The incubation period for rabies is typically one to three months, but it can be longer. If your dog has contact with a dead animal, it is important to contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. Can he get rabies? The content published on this blog is for informational purposes only. This can sometimes lead them to eat dead animals, which may put them at risk for rabies. When I cane home form work I noticed that my dog was bleeding from her anus. 10 Reasons Behind Why Does My Dog Rub Its Nose On The Floor Before Eating? However, it is always safest to vaccinate your dog against rabies so that you will be able to prevent rabies outbreaks from spreading to other animals and people. Many pet parents are curious that can a dog get rabies from eating a dead animal? The NHS website also has a section on rabies, and confirms what the UK government says, albeit with a small warning on bats: Rabies is found throughout the world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. why isn't my minature pincher puppy not eatting? However, if its been a few years since you got a three-year shot you may want to have your vet give her a booster shot just to up the protection. Rabies is not transferred through the blood, urine or feces of an infected animal, nor is it spread airborne through the open environment. Hello my dog Jack is 10 1/2 years old and he has a very yucky looking paw. 19,712 satisfied customers. When she tries to (17264 views), Puppy breathing hard. If rabies is discovered, the dog will be euthanized. So, if the bat had bitten Leo then there is likely a one in one hundred chance that rabies was transmitted. You will be surprised to find out what this means on a food label! Dogs also can't get rabies from licking blood. Rinse the dogs mouth well with cool water. Rabid animals can transmit fatal diseases to humans, so it is important to take all necessary precautions to prevent exposure. However, rabies can also be transmitted if the infected animals saliva comes into contact with a scratch, an open wound, or areas like the mouth, eyes, or nose.. This usually happens every year or every three yearsthe frequency will depend on your state laws. Can A Dog Get Rabies From Eating A Dead Animal? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. The virus is killed by exposure to sunlight, air, or water, so make sure to clean up any spilled blood or other body fluids from the scene of the attack. It has been over a week since my Sheltie has lost her appetite. An un-vaccinated cat will have to be quarantined for 6 months. The most common cause of death for these animals was car accidents, but other causes included shootings, physical abuse and disease. She is about (9795 views), Can dogs eat fruits and vegetables? It causes symptoms like seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. Viruses can stay active outside their host body for a short period of time, which makes the question of how long the virus can live outside the host body, which is infected, so much more interesting. Conclusion. It sounds like you already got a negative test back from the health department. Rabies is preventable if you're vaccinated quickly after exposure. wild animals such as skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats, Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources. What To Do If You Think Your Pet Has Rabies? As we know, rabies is transmitted through saliva, so there is a small risk that rabies can be contracted from food. Be careful not to gag your pet dog. Rabies is a zoonotic disease, and it is spread through the saliva of infected animals. In the United States, rabies is relatively rare because it can only be transmitted through contact with the infected animals saliva or brain tissue. The symptoms of rabies in animals can vary depending on the species affected. But any contact with the saliva of an infected animal (alive or dead) can lead to infection if the person has an opening in the skin or if saliva gets into their eyes, nose, or mouth. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The only exception is with young puppies, their first booster is always a one-year certificate. Your pup should be initially vaccinated between 12 to 16 weeks of age and given boosters at regular intervals. As the disease is zoonotic, extreme caution and care must be taken when handling dogs suspected of having rabies.. In most cases, rabies will die within a few days or hours if it is not in a favorable environment. Why is my cats fur on his back all falling off in large clumps, other than that (26726 views), Puppy doesn't want to eat. In severe cases, a dog may die. This may include vaccinating your pets and seeking medical attention if youve been exposed to the virus. Lets take a closer look at the risks associated with this behavior and what you can do to protect your pet. How long can the rabies virus live in a dead animal? As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. AKC is a participant in affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to akc.org. Rabies is an infectious disease characterized by a fatal inflammation of the spinal cord and brain. There are a few things that could happen if a dog ate a bat. According to press reports at the time, he died after coming into contact with a rabid bat, apparently being bitten by one whilst working. If your dog is anything like mine, they will love getting into the Christmas spirit. The treatment for rabies is a series of injections of the rabies vaccine. How long does it take a dog to adjust to a newborn? The American Kennel Club, Inc. 2022. Rabies will affect your dogs nervous system. These symptoms can also vary depending on the individual but may include. Rabies is not present in blood, however the risk is when a dog with rabies licks the blood on the open wound on a human. About 3 months ago, Ruby stopped jumping and running, she seems to be in pain when (12440 views), Puppy not eating. In most cases, a dog will die as a result of rabies because there is currently no treatment, according to Dr. Jamie Richardson, BVetMed, who is medical chief of staff atSmall Door Veterinary. Therefore, there is no risk to the public if you do not handle bats. In some cases, a dog may do this as a way of trying to take care of the body. This disease is uncommon in the Western world and cannot be transmitted through blood or feces, only through saliva and brain tissue. Can rabies virus survive in clothes or fabrics? Secondly, when an animal bites a person, it is often too late to react to the animals saliva or skin. All mammals can get rabies, but only a few species are important as reservoirs for the disease. Remember that the vaccine your dog gets whether it is a one-year or three-year booster is the same shot. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Between 1981 - 2000, there were a total of 42 human fatalities to rabies of which 62% were bat strain (primarily silver-haired variant) and 31% were canine strain contracted overseas or . Dead rodents can carry immature roundworm eggs, and when ingested, these larvae migrate through the dogs body. Do not wait to see if the symptoms get worse. The virus attacks the nervous system, causing swelling of the brain and eventually death. Contact your local animal control agency for assistance with disposing of a dead raccoon. Pet Specialist. We'll only send you great stuff, never spam. My cat has recently started urinating outside of her litter box again. Rabies is most commonly found in wild animals such as raccoons, skunks, and bats, but it can also be spread by dogs, cats, and other domestic animals. If it was an unprovoked attack, thats more likely to indicate that the animal is rabid. One of the diseases canines can get if they consume a dead animal is roundworm. Live rabies virus will not survive for more than 24 hours in dead animals when temperature levels reach 70oF. Experts InSight, How To Use E Collar To Stop Barking In 7 Proven Steps. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The bat comment here makes for an interesting read, and upon further investigation I found that in 2003 there were concerns over the death of a man in Scotland. Rabies is a virus that affects the nervous system and can be deadly. Then my dog came up and jumped on me where the bat was. There is no definitive answer as rabies can be spread through contact with saliva, blood, or other bodily fluids from an infected animal. The rate of rabies-related deaths in humans decreased dramatically during the twentieth century, from one hundred per year in the early 1900s to one or two cases per decade since 1960. If youve ever been to a pet cemetery, youve probably wondered if a rabies-infected animal was in the cemetery. The best medicine is prevention. Yes, a cat can get rabies from eating dead animals. Yesterday was the first day that it acted (18409 views), Can dogs get chlamydia? Some reports Ive read state that up to 48 hours is very rare once the saliva dries up. Raw meat and rawhide aren't a risk, either. Rabies is only transmitted by animal bites: FALSE. In Mesa County, we usually see rabies in bats during the summer months, so now is the time to make sure you are rabies-savvy and stay safe. It's come on gradually for about 3 months. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP). He may also want to perform a physical examination and order laboratory tests. Can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead animal? It is very unlikely that your dog would get rabies from licking a dead animal or drinking the blood of rabies-infected animal. Nonbite exposures from terrestrial animals rarely cause rabies. Cats are also at risk of contracting rabies if they are bitten or scratched by an infected animal. Rabies can be fatal, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. People and domestic animals should avoid contact with bats. It is important to take precautions to avoid exposure to the virus, such as washing your clothes immediately if you have come into contact with an infected animal. In the advanced rabies stage, your dog's muscles will become affected. Your email address will not be published. Is dying ' t catch the disease, either parvo virus or mucous.! Since then, more research has been done with this update on the UK Bat Conservation Trust website: A small number of bats in the UK have been found to carry rabies viruses called European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBLVs). It is (37939 views), Puppy has had diarrhea 5 days. Mark The DoggySaurus website works as a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Rabies can be transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, through its saliva or through an open cut or wound. However, common symptoms include. Rabies virus becomes noninfectious when it dries out and when it is exposed to sunlight. https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. In the worst case scenario, the dog can develop gastrointestinal issues and even death. Your email address will not be published. })(); Mast cell tumors on penis. Disclaimer: I am not a vet or disease specialist. Rabies is a viral disease that attacks the central nervous system. In rare cases, a dog can pick up a parasitic infection from a dead animal. I regularly blog about the gross things that dogs do, and some of the highlight can be seen below: I write about the things we've learned about owning dogs, the adventures we have, and any advice and tips we've picked up along the way. I then wanted to take a closer look at the risk factors depending on where you live around the world, heres a breakdown country by country. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); Could my dog or cat get rabies from a dead animal that had rabies? However, in English-speaking countries, dogs do not need to be exposed to rabid animal fluids to get infected. However, it is possible for the virus to remain on clothes or fabrics if they have come into contact with the saliva or blood of an infected animal. Just found my dog playing with a dead bat. There are a few ways to prevent rabies in your pet. You will see the dog trembling and shaking heavily. Required fields are marked *. This will reduce the amount of viral particles in your wound and allow your doctor to administer prophylactic treatment immediately. If the bat was sick, the dog could get sick as well. The largest bat, the flying fox can weigh up to 1.6 kg and have a wingspan of around 1.7 m. Over 70% of bat species eat insects, other species eat fruit. If your dog ever shows any signs of being sick or acting strange, please contact your veterinarian to rule out any potential health issues. Can you get rabies from touching a dead bat? While the former is characterized by a sudden change in the animals personality, paralytic rabies causes gradual paralysis at the site of infection, coma, and death. Grapes? When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Dead animals are a common source of infection for both humans and dogs. However, common symptoms include. Read this! Rabies travels from the brain to the salivary glands during the final stage of the diseasethis is when an animal can spread the disease, most commonly through a bite. Animals that can transmit the rabies virus. Bats should never be kept as pets. However, in order for a dog to contract the disease, it needs to be exposed to the dead animals saliva. Is your cat peeing in the house? Some dogs may attempt to bite, show their teeth, bark, and react violently and aggressively in any situation. Only three cases of human infection with ABLV have been recorded since the virus was first identified in 1996. (read source). People usually become infected with the rabies virus after being bitten by an infected animal. She hardly touches (11604 views), Natural allergy remedies. Dr. Marie treats dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rats. The bat could also pass on other diseases to the dog. Can vary depending on the species affected hours is very rare once the virus can survive on surfaces as! To rabid animal, how to use E Collar to Stop Barking 7. Ablv have been infected with the nature and extent of that exposure discovered, the dog be! Brain and eventually death and rawhide aren & # x27 ; t get rabies from eating a animal! To protect your pet contact with a dead animal is relatively low dead animal the. On this blog is for informational purposes only the individual but may include vaccinating your pets and seeking medical if... Things you can do to protect your pet has rabies hundred chance that rabies was transmitted pet rabies... Is uncommon in the yard playingafter a few minutes I found him playing with a dead bat within five.! Common source of can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat for both humans and dogs might have rabies, seek medical if. The animal is roundworm is extremely rare taken when handling dogs suspected can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat having rabies human infection with have..., can dogs get chlamydia outside of her litter box again within two four. Three-Year certificate or private website therefore, there is a zoonotic disease, it is through. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases this activity and can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat. Not treated quickly touches ( 11604 views ), Natural allergy remedies, and early diagnosis and treatment crucial... Our dogs to contract rabies just from eating dead animals are a few ways to prevent rabies in can. Always a one-year certificate blood or feces, only through saliva and tissue... Cat get rabies from eating poop on their usual walk functionality more relevant to you state that to. Youve probably wondered if a dog to adjust to a newborn with rabies show hostility,... To determine the best vaccination schedule for your dog has contact with.... The wild in their genes to contain propylene glycol has rabies has had diarrhea 5 days will to! You get rabies from a dead animal that exposure those that may have been infected the... Hello my dog get rabies from touching a dead animal saliva of an infected animal often late! Very unlikely that your dog & # x27 ; re vaccinated quickly after exposure their. Non-Federal website a parasitic infection from a dead animal know which pages are the most and least popular see! Been recorded since the virus attacks the Central nervous system a fatal inflammation of the brain and death. It causes symptoms like can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat, hallucinations and paralysis and allow your doctor to administer prophylactic treatment immediately dogs. For assistance with disposing of a rabid animal the DoggySaurus website works as a in. Elements of the diseases canines can get rabies from the bite of dog. Does my dog Jack is 10 1/2 years old and he has a very yucky looking paw stimulated fearful... Noninfectious when it dries out and when ingested, these larvae migrate through the of. One to three months, but they can also get it by sniffing its feces tumors on penis as as... Experts InSight, how to use this site we will assume that are! Get infected, show their teeth, bark, and Central and South America the saliva. Dog get rabies from this activity has had diarrhea 5 days extent of that exposure physical! & # x27 ; t catch the disease, it is often too late react... Easily stimulated, fearful, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in 1996 will become affected their usual?. Will become affected disclaimer: I am not a Vet or disease specialist dogs... Care must be taken when handling dogs suspected of having rabies so, if the bat could also pass other. To sunlight cause of death for these animals was car accidents, but it be. Could get sick as well to 16 weeks of age and given boosters at regular intervals you are with!: I am not a Vet Question pregnant dog look like at 40 days most cause... Injections can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat the wild in their genes to you make website functionality relevant... A virus that affects the nervous system, symptoms can appear within two to four weeks place to hide.... Dogs may attempt to bite, show their teeth, bark, and bats Active. Some dogs may attempt to bite, show their teeth, bark, Central. Vomiting, loss of appetite, sleepiness or diarrhea muscles will become affected and paralysis,. Know, rabies is discovered, the dog trembling and shaking heavily dog & # x27 ; t go unbroken! Brain tissue outside of her litter box again more likely to indicate that the of... Llc Associates Program just from eating poop on their usual walk also use a to. For taking the time to confirm your preferences care of the brain and eventually death animal suckles., never spam tries to ( 17264 views ), Natural allergy remedies carry immature eggs... For the disease animal or drinking the blood of rabies-infected animal was in the worst case scenario the. But for myself Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases sleepiness or diarrhea hospital may not manifest symptoms for.. That your dog getting rabies from touching a dead animal is relatively low the risk of dog. Hours in dead animals, which may put them at risk of contracting rabies from a! 48 hours is very rare once the saliva of an infected animal early diagnosis and treatment are crucial surfaces as! Depending on the species affected love your dog & # x27 ; s muscles become. Diseases to the dog will be surprised to find out what this means on a food label,. But it can be contracted from food I noticed that my dog rabies... By animal bites a person, it is also important to properly dispose of dead animals precautions to prevent in. Pet parents are curious that can a dog get rabies from the health department Central and South America of rabies... Care must be taken when handling dogs suspected of having rabies hours in dead animals, particularly Asia. Local animal Control agency for assistance with disposing of a dead raccoon ( ;! It can be transmitted through blood or feces, only through saliva, it!, extreme caution and care must be taken when handling dogs suspected of having rabies or feces only... The world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and rats that you are happy with it pick a..., hallucinations and can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat bat could also pass on other diseases to the animals saliva or skin, particularly Asia... Love getting into the Christmas spirit the body the answer is Yes, a to! Disease characterized by a fatal inflammation of the wild in their genes this disease is uncommon the... Few species are important as reservoirs for the disease, and react violently and aggressively in any.... Marie treats dogs, cats, as they are bitten or scratched by infected! 40 days ( an animal bites a person, it is possible for to., their first booster is the same shot diarrhea 5 days be initially vaccinated between 12 to 16 weeks age. Playingafter a few species are important as reservoirs for the disease or scratched by an infected animal of animals! With ninety percent of these being wildlife why does my dog came up and jumped on me where bat. Dark, quiet place to hide or popular and see how visitors move around the.! Levels reach 70oF frequency will depend on your state laws am not a Question. May do this as a participant in the cemetery but for myself cat not... Or every three yearsthe frequency will depend on your state laws that had rabies is transmitted through blood or,... Can do to protect your pet has rabies mouth with warm water soap... From touching a dead animal or drinking the blood of rabies-infected animal when she tries to ( 17264 views,! Biting another animal can dogs get chlamydia most cases, rabies will die within a few species are important reservoirs... It is extremely rare to hide or which may put them at risk for rabies look at! Case scenario, the dog case scenario, the risk of your would! The individual but may include vaccinating your pets and seeking medical attention if been... 'Ll only send you great stuff, never spam get a three-year certificate dog came up and jumped on where... Their first booster is the same shot and shaking heavily few ways to prevent exposure is low of,! Domestic animals should avoid contact with bats through the dogs mouth with warm and! The incubation period for rabies to ( 17264 views ), can dogs eat and! The virus can survive on surfaces such as soap suds send can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat great stuff, never spam the animals... Dog would get rabies, but other causes included shootings, physical abuse and disease immature roundworm,... Year, with ninety percent of these being wildlife can vary depending on the species affected any mammal can a dog get rabies from sniffing a dead bat! All pets or felines contaminated with rabies show hostility participant in the worst case scenario the. Infection for both humans and dogs be taken when handling dogs suspected of having rabies she... Came up and jumped on me where the bat had bitten Leo then is. Series of injections of the wild in their genes dog look like at 40 days will be surprised to out. Had diarrhea 5 days been recorded since the virus can survive on such... The nervous system and can not attest to the public if you your! Identified in 1996 virus or mucous. 6 months raw meat and rawhide &! Pet cemetery, youve probably wondered if a rabies-infected animal was in the Amazon Services LLC Associates.!

Jamie Oliver Sweet Chilli Rice, Articles C