The individual pieces to make up the polymer are called monomers. Using condensed structural formulas, write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions. Should the alternative hypothesis always be the research hypothesis? The type of the free radicals that start the reaction off vary depending on their source. Show by equations the polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde to form a crosslinked structure. Condensation polymerisation. Draw the repeating unit of the polymer formed from Hexan-1-ol and name the type of polymerisation involved. The polymer chain gets longer and longer. As such there is no difference between the two, each repeating unit in a polymer is known as monomer. Table 2 gives approximate energy values in units of MeV. Note that for commercial synthesis the carboxylic acid components may actually be employed in the form of derivatives such as simple esters. 4.1 Osmotic Pressure Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. How to identify the repeating unit in a polymer? 500 and 20,000 Plastics belong to a group of molecules called polymers, which are large molecules made of repeating units called monomers. The repeating units in polyesters (eg Terylene) and polyamides (eg nylon 6,6 and Kevlar) and the linkages between these repeating units. Unit 2 English Language 4- Marta Iglesias. Cellulose polymer is made from the repeat units of the monomer glucose. The replacement of flexible alkylidene links with rigid benzene rings also stiffens the polymer chain, leading to increased crystalline character, as demonstrated for polyesters (entries 1, 2 &3) and polyamides (entries 5, 6, 7 & 8). add a bond to each end of the repeat unit. CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes Unit 15 Polymers. $\ce{\enclose{horizontalstrike}{(}HNCH2CH2NH-COCH2CO\enclose{horizontalstrike}{)}}$ 6 years ago. But it isn't very difficult to work out - and that's the best thing to do: work it out, not try to remember it. 4:49 (Triple only) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formula of a polyester, showing the repeat unit, given the formulae of the monomers from which it is formed, including the reaction of ethanedioic acid and ethanediol: 4:50 (Triple only) know that some polyesters, known as biopolyesters, are biodegradable, (d) Energy resources and electricity generation, 1.13 understand how vector quantities differ from scalar quantities, 1.14 understand that force is a vector quantity, 1.20 describe the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance, including speed, mass, road condition, 1.33 understand how the upward forces on a light beam, supported at its ends, vary with the position, 2.02 understand how the use of insulation, double insulation, earthing, fuses and circuit breakers, 2.03 understand why a current in a resistor results in the electral transfer of energy and an, d) Relative formula masses and molar volumes of gases, e) Chemical formulae and chemical equations, b) Group 1 elements: lithium, sodium and potassium, c) Group 7 elements: chlorine, bromine and iodine, d) The industrial manufacture of chemicals. This mechanism states that the polymer grows through alkene coordination at a vacant site at the titanium atom, which is followed by insertion of the C=C bond into the TiC bond at the active center. When creating one, change the monomer's double bond to a single bond in the repeat unit, and add a bond to each end of the repeat unit. The sigma bond between the carbon atoms isn't affected by any of this. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Add the n to show that we don't know how many joined up. Here the covalent bonding occurs by an SN2 reaction between a nucleophile, usually an amine, and a terminal epoxide. Reply 7. Step 5: Add O-H to the monomer that you only assigned the 'C' atom to without the oxygen atom bonded to it. knocker. Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the microwave? This is energetically worth doing because the new bond between the radical and the carbon is stronger than the \(\pi\) bond which is broken. Indeed, applications of these materials as fibers, flexible films, adhesives, resistant paints and tough but light solids have transformed modern society. Name the following polymers and draw the monomer from which the polymer is made: a) L CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 In b) CH CIJn IH CI. Another type of superglue, used to close cuts, has the methyl groups replaced by either butyl groups (C 4 H 9) or octyl groups. The original partethyleneis called the monomer (meaning "one part"). You should see the pattern emerging. Introduction to polymers Conclusion OpenLearn Open. iron) and non-metals (e.g. The term intermolecular forces of attraction can be used to represent all forces between molecules, 1:48 explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase, in general, with increasing relative molecular mass, 1:49 explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points, 1:50 explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C, 1:51 know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity, 1:52 (Triple only) know how to represent a metallic lattice by a 2-D diagram, 1:53 (Triple only) understand metallic bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions, 1:54 (Triple only) explain typical physical properties of metals, including electrical conductivity and malleability, 1:55 (Triple only) understand why covalent compounds do not conduct electricity, 1:56 (Triple only) understand why ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous solution, 1:57 (Triple only) know that anion and cation are terms used to refer to negative and positive ions respectively, 1:58 (Triple only) describe experiments to investigate electrolysis, using inert electrodes, of molten compounds (including lead(II) bromide) and aqueous solutions (including sodium chloride, dilute sulfuric acid and copper(II) sulfate) and to predict the products, 1:59 (Triple only) write ionic half-equations representing the reactions at the electrodes during electrolysis and understand why these reactions are classified as oxidation or reduction, 1:60 (Triple only) practical: investigate the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, (a) Group 1 (alkali metals) lithium, sodium and potassium, 2:01 understand how the similarities in the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with water provide evidence for their recognition as a family of elements, 2:02 understand how the differences between the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with air and water provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 1, 2:03 use knowledge of trends in Group 1 to predict the properties of other alkali metals, 2:04 (Triple only) explain the trend in reactivity in Group 1 in terms of electronic configurations, (b) Group 7 (halogens) chlorine, bromine and iodine, 2:05 know the colours, physical states (at room temperature) and trends in physical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, 2:06 use knowledge of trends in Group 7 to predict the properties of other halogens, 2:07 understand how displacement reactions involving halogens and halides provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 7, 2:08 (Triple only) explain the trend in reactivity in Group 7 in terms of electronic configurations, 2:09 know the approximate percentages by volume of the four most abundant gases in dry air, 2:10 understand how to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in air using experiments involving the reactions of metals (e.g. magnesium, zinc and iron), 2:22 (Triple only) know that most metals are extracted from ores found in the Earths crust and that unreactive metals are often found as the uncombined element, 2:23 (Triple only) explain how the method of extraction of a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series, illustrated by carbon extraction for iron and electrolysis for aluminium, 2:24 (Triple only) be able to comment on a metal extraction process, given appropriate information, 2:25 (Triple only) explain the uses of aluminium, copper, iron and steel in terms of their properties the types of steel will be limited to low-carbon (mild), high-carbon and stainless, 2:26 (Triple only) know that an alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more elements, usually other metals or carbon, 2:27 (Triple only) explain why alloys are harder than pure metals, 2:28 describe the use of litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions, 2:28a describe the use of litmus to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions, 2:29 understand how to use the pH scale, from 014, can be used to classify solutions as strongly acidic (03), weakly acidic (46), neutral (7), weakly alkaline (810) and strongly alkaline (1114), 2:30 describe the use of Universal Indicator to measure the approximate pH value of an aqueous solution, 2:31 know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen ions and alkalis in a aqueous solution are a source of hydroxide ions, 2:32 know that bases can neutralise acids, 2:33 (Triple only) describe how to carry out an acid-alkali titration, 2:34 know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water: common sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble, all nitrates are soluble, common chlorides are soluble, except those of silver and lead(II), common sulfates are soluble, except for those of barium, calcium and lead(II), common carbonates are insoluble, except for those of sodium, potassium and ammonium, common hydroxides are insoluble except for those of sodium, potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble), 2:35 understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer, 2:36 understand that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor, 2:37 describe the reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals) to form salts, 2:38 know that metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and that alkalis are bases that are soluble in water, 2:39 describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant, 2:40 (Triple only) describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali, 2:41 (Triple only) describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt, starting from two soluble reactants, 2:42 practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals starting from copper(II) oxide, 2:43 (Triple only) practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry lead(II) sulfate, 2:44a describe tests for these gases: hydrogen, carbon dioxide, 2:44 describe tests for these gases: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, 2:45 describe how to carry out a flame test, 2:46 know the colours formed in flame tests for these cations: Li is red, Na is yellow, K is lilac, Ca is orange-red, Cu is blue-green, 2:47 describe tests for these cations: NH using sodium hydroxide solution and identifying the gas evolved, Cu, Fe and Fe using sodium hydroxide solution, 2:48 describe tests for these anions: Cl, Br and I using acidified silver nitrate solution, SO using acidified barium chloride solution, CO using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved, 2:48a describe a test for CO using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved, 2:49 describe a test for the presence of water using anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, 2:50 describe a physical test to show whether a sample of water is pure, 3:01 know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic, 3:02 describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation, 3:03 calculate the heat energy change from a measured temperature change using the expression Q = mcT, 3:04 calculate the molar enthalpy change (H) from the heat energy change, Q, 3:05 (Triple only) draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions, 3:06 (Triple only) know that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and that bond-making is an exothermic process, 3:07 (Triple only) use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction, 3:08 practical: investigate temperature changes accompanying some of the following types of change: salts dissolving in water, neutralisation reactions, displacement reactions and combustion reactions, 3:09 describe experiments to investigate the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction, 3:10 describe the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction, 3:11 explain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas and temperature on the rate of a reaction in terms of particle collision theory, 3:12 know that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction, 3:13 know that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy, 3:14 (Triple only) draw and explain reaction profile diagrams showing H and activation energy, 3:15 practical: investigate the effect of changing the surface area of marble chips and of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid, 3:16 practical: investigate the effect of different solids on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution, 3:17 know that some reactions are reversible and this is indicated by the symbol in equations, 3:18 describe reversible reactions such as the dehydration of hydrated copper(II) sulfate and the effect of heat on ammonium chloride, 3:19 (Triple only) know that a reversible reaction can reach dynamic equilibrium in a sealed container, 3:20 (Triple only) know that the characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium are: the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, 3:21 (Triple only) understand why a catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium in a reversible reaction, 3:22 (Triple only) predict, with reasons, the effect of changing either pressure or temperature on the position of equilibrium in a reversible reaction (references to Le Chateliers principle are not required), 4:01 know that a hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon only, 4:02 understand how to represent organic molecules using empirical formulae, molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae, 4:02a understand how to represent organic molecules using molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae, 4:03a know what is meant by the term isomerism, 4:03 know what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group and isomerism, 4:04 understand how to name compounds relevant to this specification using the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature. 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