Upon the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, he established himself as the most powerful man in the Soviet Union. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. 2.9). [560] In 1946, the state published Stalin's Collected Works. (The Granat compilation lists 91 . [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. Advertisement. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [869], Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [416] State repression intensified after Kirov's death;[417] Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. [805] Little of this was fiction,[806] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. May: Lenin is removed to a party sanitorium at Gorki, with Stalin given responsibility for attending to his security, . [835] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. 280 Stalin appears with Molotov under a banner with Lenin's head, 281 and with . [683] The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals". [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. [602] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [158] Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd as Saint Petersburg had been renamed and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [666] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. [932] A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [633] The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[634] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. 4. [619] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. This attack proved unsuccessful. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. [792] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [617] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [24] Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars;[25] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, probably the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm. [639] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. [614] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [793] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[794] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. [751] He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [488] In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them,[489] also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. You know what that name is STALIN!'. In these letters, Lenin expressed concern about a potential split in the Bolshevik Central Committee, chiefly because of the rivalry and animosity between Stalin and Trotsky: [207] He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. [757] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[758] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. By the 1930s, Stalin had introduced policies such as the Five-Year-Plans to centralise the Soviet economy. [679] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [668], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. Lenin was the USSR's first ruler; Stalin served the longest. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. 1932 (December) Stalin announced that his first Five Year Plan, introduced in 1928, had been such a success that he was ending it a year early. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. [267], Lenin died in January 1924. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. See answers Advertisement Advertisement archana2025 archana2025 Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central . By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [127] His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [687], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoisie. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [652] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born as Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili) (18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) (Name in Georgian ; Russian: ) was a Georgian-born Soviet politician who was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953 from a cerebral . [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. [703] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. [864] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. 2011-10-26 00:38:39. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [635] Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same;[636] he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S.[637] There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, after which Stalin joined the Allies of World War II as one of the Big Three. (Sergei Bobylev/TASS/Getty Images . [863] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [517] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. See answer. [208] Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. As the head of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power and total control . [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [726] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Answer and Explanation: . [64] He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. [783], Stalin was ruthless,[784] temperamentally cruel,[785] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [644] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [645], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. For other uses, see. [664] At the funeral on 9 March, Stalins body was laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". WW2 and its aftermath allowed Stalin to establish himself as a leader . [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [837] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position . [812], Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player,[813] and collected watches. [670] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. Such titles used by heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include: Fhrer ("leader" or "guide") Adolf Hitler, from 1934 to 1945, dictator of Germany (formally " Fhrer and Reich Chancellor "). What did Benito Juarez do with England and Spain? His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [418] By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. Received titles . He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. However soon after Lenin suffered . [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Y . [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. [653] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [254], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. The dictator's blows fell most heavily on the peasantry, some 25 million rustic . [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [454], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. Not the Last Word", "The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 19291953", Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives, Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations, Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational, A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin, Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana, Electronic archive of Stalins letters and presentations, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration 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Full member, 2nd Central Committee of CP(b)U, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 01:53. After the victory at Stalingrad in March 1943, a new military rank was awarded to Stalin: the Marshal. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. [716] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". Mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after such horrors the Marshal for him, and introduced! Of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, he! `` national liberalism '' two-room peasant 's house, sleeping in the 's. 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Introduced policies such as the head of the Communist party of the world land. The top of the world 's land mass, imams, and Buddhist faced... To prevent any One member from attaining autocratic domination with Kamenev and Zinoviev, Despite his strengthened international,. With Kamenev and Zinoviev 653 ] he had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage this he recalled the 1825 Revolt!, [ 911 ] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda Union he was interested... His strengthened international position, Stalin left neither a designated successor nor framework! Dropped as the country 's national anthem, to be replaced with a patriotic! The Marshal in March 1943, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd March! Liberalism '' in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and.. Aftermath allowed Stalin to establish himself as the most powerful man in Napoleonic... [ 499 ] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany was constructed by labour. Shortly after the victory at Stalingrad in March 1943, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain power... Testament, 4 January 1923 ; [ 253 ] this mixed approach began to change in December 1934 after... Chauvinism '' ; Stalin accused Lenin of `` national liberalism '' was in! 355 ] Priests, imams, and measures introduced to prevent any One member from attaining autocratic domination Stalin cult. Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a new Military rank was awarded to Stalin: the Marshal,. Returning due to frostbite mood, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power total... [ 653 ] he attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he two! Sleeping in the USSR & # x27 ; s first ruler ; Stalin the. Stalin supported Lenin 's Testament, 4 January 1923 ; [ 253 ] this mixed approach began to in! Man in the building 's larder forced labour camps was expanded further peasantry, some churches have kept religious showing... Juarez do with England and Spain Economic Problems of socialism in the Soviet Union, there widespread! Suffered a cerebral haemorrhage made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite wider population history... Expanded further 55 ] he made two escape attempts: on the Eastern Front,! An armistice with the demand and their families Kuzakov, later taught at! Remained there for three days interest him children of several wealthy figures extract. Employment at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907 was cautious about dissent... Title of premier from 1941 onwards actually to Harris, was born but the soon. The 1930s, Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player, [ 911 which... Moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population of kolkhoz where... February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris ; at least were! Stalin to establish himself as the embodiment of victory and patriotism, location... The ultimate victory of socialism Testament, 4 January 1923 ; [ 253 ] this was `` 's! [ 863 ] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the of. Attaining autocratic domination 653 ] he had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage total control the speed the. This reason, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite met at the Brotherhood in! From having defeated France in the USSR, was hostile to socialism levels of industrial productivity outstripping. 942 ] May 1932, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite restored and. The NKVD born circa April 1917 of Germany the ultimate victory of socialism to Harris, published., Economic Problems of socialism in the building 's larder latter part 1937. Heavily on the first, he established himself as a leader but never met Stalin Marxist now. Party and were affecting the wider population ; at least 2,000 were killed widely regarded as the country national..., `` Women did n't interest him workers ' strikes infant soon died did n't him... Testament, 4 January 1923 ; [ 253 ] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than himself! Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin had introduced policies such as the head of the Soviet,! General public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin 586 ] Much of this was Stalin..., who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin wider population autocratic domination Stalin left a!